Abstract:

This article explores the historical trajectory of the Javanese word utawi within the tradition of interlinear translation of Arabic Islamic texts from the 16th to the 19th century. While in contemporary usage—particularly within pesantren communities where this translation practice has largely survived—utawi serves as a marker of the mubtadaʾ (subject) in nominal sentences, earlier evidence reveals a more layered history. Based on close philological analysis of manuscripts, the study demonstrates that in the 16th and 17th centuries utawi was primarily employed to render the wāw al-istiʾnāf, an Arabic particle that signals the beginning of a new sentence or clause. Only gradually, especially during the 18th century, did utawi become stabilized as a marker of the mubtadaʾ, a pattern that continued into the 19th century and even today. This diachronic shift highlights not only the changing role of a single lexical item but also broader pedagogical and linguistic transformations in the Javanese Islamic tradition. By tracing these developments, the article contributes to a more precise understanding of the internal mechanics of interlinear translation and proposes that patterns of utawi usage can serve as valuable indicators for the dating of otherwise anonymous manuscripts. Ultimately, this study situates utawi as both a linguistic key and a historical witness to the intellectual practices that shaped Islamic learning in Java. Keywords: utawi, Arabic-Javanese interlinear translation, pesantren, Islamic manuscript culture, mubtadaʾ, wāw al-istiʾnāf.

Publisher's Version